Thursday, 24 November 2016

Double face of English in India

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Name: Pandya Riva m
Roll no: -23
Paper : 12
Topic :-  Double face of English in India
Year :- 2015-2017
Submitted to :- M.K Bhavnagar university, Department of English





Double face of English in India:-
English plays a conflicting double role in India in policy and practice in public platform and private choice and in symbolic,allegiance and instrumental use.After Independence  a pattern of bilingualism has emerged at the executive, legislative ,legal and educational domains with English and an Indian languages .At the popular level however preference for English has increased in spite of political opposition to it. English is declined as our official language. Now, in our India, we have two official languages: Hindi and English and one language that the regional language as our official language.Being a global and link language, English language has become an important tool for various fields like, education, business, journalisma etc. But it plays double roles in country like India. There were many controversies for English language in its initial stage; it  plays a conflicting double role in India.
English language is just a medium, not our goal, but it has become our need. Because, nowadays, the higher-education is only in one language available that is English language. while dealing with the English language in education, the first and the fundamental problem is that we face some cultural conflict. Our belief system is completely different from the English Culture. Every language represents its culture and belief system. We can not translate our myths,feelings,idea or belief system or our cultural ideology into English Language.so sometimes it is very difficult to use or learn English language in India.
 Socio-Cultural dimension creates the Satanic Image of English Language towards us while learning it. we face some difficulties while translating some words in English like, we can not write in English, Hanuman is a servant of Lord Rama. Here, we can find the conflict while translating our ideas into English. It completely changes the meaning of the information that we want to convey. There is a lot of difference between the words like, Bhakta and Servant. When we write Servant for translating the word Bhakta, at that time, it kills the real meaning or originality of the word Bhakta. By this example, we can understand that it is impossible to translate our cultural belief into English language.
Parliament passed the official language bill providing for the continued use of English without time limit giving legal status to the assurance given by the prime minister Nehru in the parliament to the opponent of hindi four years earlier.English now is the associate official language of the union.As far as the states are concerned the legislative of most states passed bills making one or more of its language after linguistic reorganisation of the states the official language of the states with provision for continued use of English,one state Nagaland passed a bill making English as official language and some states have passed no bill yet in this regard.So in most states and union the official work is transacted in English and in one or more Indian languages differing in the extent and administrative levels of their use.
English is taught as a language for its instrumental value in school and colleges compulsorily in almost all parts of the country with the exception of a very few states, where it is an optional or non-examinable subject. At the secondary school stage a student should learn at least three languages and one of them is English uniformly throughout the country.
So English has been spread all over the country, except some states of India, which dont follow the English language as a compulsory subject. It can be possible that the satanic image of the English is responsible behind this reason. The double role of the English language creates the chaotic situation in a way that it can be impossible to solve this problem.
After independence, the number of students learning English has greatly increased, but their level of competence in English has decreased. This thing completely shows the policy and practice of the English language. English is taught in the school, but the policy that is made which is not followed by the teachers or we can say that it is not put into practice. Thats why at the very initial stage (school level) students are facing difficulties to learn the English language.
This is the biggest problem in the country like India that the policy which are made for teaching English, are not put into practice by the teacher so the very beginning stage of learning English, difficulties are created by this confusion or folly. Perhaps, this creates the satanic image of English in the minds of the students.
After the second world war the power of English increased internationally in the political and commercial spheres.It was perceived that India will have some natural advantage in the world politics and commerce by officially remaining an English using country.There was a growing awesome fear that the knowledge gap cannot be caught up by the Indian languages in content and in vocabulary by interaction.The increased international morality and possibilities of higher education abroad which gave new returns to the already advantage,the importance of English education.The language despised as language of satans by the freedom fighters came to be praised as the boon of sarasvati the goddess of learning .
English has become more and more Indianised grammatical and functionally due to its use by a large number of Indians think to increased education, commerce and journalism and the Indian English was no more foreign. Its because of widely use of English language became it our own Indianised English.
English also proved as Satan in India because English is not used in lower level in a particular situation, so English cannot be the language of day-to-day conversation in India and it has only become medium to go for higher education and the age of specialization. We learn English as a  subject not as language.people can not easily pronounce in English or it is also difficult to speak or learn because this language is use as second language in India so students also face some problems to learn English because it is not their mother tongue.so it can be satanic side of English
India is multicultural country English serves as a link language across the nation .There are many states in India and each states has it's  own culture and language so we can not easily  understand eah and every language or we sometimes face some difficulties to communicate with each other because of less knowledge of other states language so for that we have to learn  English  so we can easily communicate  with other states or countries or English is an international language so it is easy for conversation.
Conclusion:
No doubt English is difficult for  learners because some times it creates problem to translate .But it is very useful in official and educational fields.English is an international language so Indian can learn and also use as an occupational purpose .so here English plays a conflicting double role in India as satan or as saraswati , it is not like good and bad but we can say that English language is like two sides of one coin in India.

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Critique on the three chapters of Black skin white mask



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Name Pandya Riva m
Roll no -23
Paper 11
Topic :-  Critique on the three chapters of Black skin white mask:
Year :- 2015-2017
Submitted to :- M.K Bhavnagar university, Department of English

Critique on the three chapters of Black skin white mask:
Introduction:-

Frantz Fanon was a french philosopher revolutionary and author.He wrote his first book Black skin white mask an analysis of the negative psychological effect of colonial subjugation upon black people.It is published in 1952.
This book is about the mindset or psychology of racism by frank fanon a psychiatrists. The book looks at the condition which goes through the minds of black and white people. A distinguished French Caribbean African psychiatrist and writer negritude group but soon rejected their philosophy and developed his own theory of racial and colonial theory.
This book is divided in eight chapters. Fanon talks about psychology of white colonizers and black peoples desire to be like white men. The black people want to be white. They suffer a lot and being white they want to be superior . Black people also known as Negro.The white people hate the black people.  He also talks about issue of language, marriage between white and black and psychology behind it, white mindset of ruling, blacks inequality and struggle for human existence. He explains his all the arguments of psychology with real examples of his surrounding.
Lets see first three chapters of the book Black skin white mask,
1)The Negro and Language :
Language construct the idea of civilized or uncivilized.This chapter deals with the language of white people. It shows that language of White people is in power position and Language of Black people has lesser importance.  In this chapter the author discusses that if a black person does not learn the white mans language perfectly, he is unintelligent yet if he does learn it perfectly, he has washed his brain in the world of racial ideology.  So, Black people have to learn the language of White people.
The white man always considers black man fully unhuman. There is no matter how much education they have or well they act. White people, feels fear of the black people as they viewed the black as mindless, violent or animal. White man thinks that they will take white women from them. Fanon says that he has only one duty and one right; he has a right to demand human behavior from the other. He has a duty that he never lets his decision renounce his freedom. Fanon cannot accept the fact that ever possible in France between white and black. Fanon is talking about behavior he says they have to need to be free from that obsession being black in the mental condition.
2)The woman of colour and the white man:
The second chapter is about the psychology behind the marriage between white men and black women . In this chapter Fanon talks about internalize racism.
According to Fanon, the acts of love and admiration are directly tied to who and what we value. And he gave reasons that why women of colour go after white men, putting down men of their own colour!
Fanon says,
Authentic love entails the mobilization of psychic drives basically freed of unconscious conflicts.
In other words, he cannot seek to love unless he has rid himself, in this case, of his inferiority complex. Fanon explains that, these black women do not truly love white men but they just love their colour. They marry with them to deal with their own hang-ups about race. And it is because the black woman feels inferior.
The black woman wants to marry with white people because she wants to be white or superior. She thinks being a black woman she is inferior or she wants to be white because of white mans skin, looks up to white people and looks down on black people. The vision and dream of black woman is towards the white to achieve forbidden values of being white.
Here Fanon takes as his examples three women: Mayotte of Martinique and Nini and Dedee of Senegal. Mayotte who wrote a book about her life and Nini and Dedee are characters from Nini a story by Abdoulaye Sadji. They are part white which makes them determined not to slip back among the nigger rabble. The character Nini is a silly typist. A man who is and accountant with the waterways company, proposes marriage but in the end they have the police tell him to stop his morbid insanities because he is black and she is half white. He has offended her honor. Meanwhile another man with a good government job proposes to Dedee but this time it is a dream come true because he is white. Mayotte was entering the white world but a white man cannot make you white. Mayotte, the third woman, had an affair with a married
  This black woman does not truly love this white man but she loves his color. She goes with him not out of love but to deal with her own emotional problems about race. It is because the black woman feels inferior that she hopes to obtain admittance to the white world.
3)The man of color and the white woman:
 Fanon is a black psychiatrist from Martinique. He starts this chapter by saying of himself: I want to be recognized not as Black but as White. By loving me she proves to me that I am worthy of a white love. I am loved like a white man. I am a white man. Here Fanon gives the example of Jean Veneuse, the hero of an autobiographical novel by Rene Maran. Jean Veneuse came to France from the Caribbean when he was three or four. He lost his parents. He was brought up by boarding schools in France, the only black student in a sea of white. He has a lonely childhood. When the other students go home for the holidays, he is left alone at school. He grows up French and falls in love with a white woman. He wonders about his motives. May be it is simply because he was brought up European and so desires European women just like any other man in Europe. When he works in Africa as a civil servant he proves to be just as bad as the whites. May be it is not revenge that he wants but to separate himself from his race or even some how to become race less. 
 But here Fanon says that Veneuses troubles run much deeper. He was left alone in the world by his mother as a small boy. He is hung up on that. So he is afraid to love and be loved. He holds everyone at arms length, even the woman he wants to marry. Therefore we cannot take any general conclusions from Veneuses case.   
Conclusion:

Every black man and mulatto have only one thought to be like white to gratify their appetite for white woman, to marry white woman. They started denying their culture and woman and marry white girl, less for love than satisfying their ego and inferiority.so here we can see in these chapters that black people wants to be a white or wants to be superior like white people,but white people believes that they are evil or terrorist because their skin is black so how black people identify by their skin or color.so here fanon talks about white colonizers and the desire of black people.




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Symbolism in Scarlett Letter



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Name – Pandya Riva m
Roll no -23
Paper – 10
Topic :-  Symbolism in Scarlett Letter
Year :- 2015-2017
Submitted to :- M.K Bhavnagar university, Department of English



vIntroduction:
Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most prolific symbolists in American literature .He has a perfect atmosphere for the symbols in The Scarlett letter because the puritans saw the world through allegory.  for them simple patterns like meteor , streaking through the sky became religious or moral interpretations for human events. He represents various symbols in this novel and all symbols are important to understand the novel.

Ø Symbolism in Scarlett letter:

§  The Scarlet Letter "A"
The Scarlett letter is meant to be a symbol of shame, but instead it becomes a powerful symbol of identify to Hester. And also symbolizes her adultery.It  symbolizes  Hester's sin and shame.The letter 'A' is sewn into her clothing,she wears it on her chest and  literally marking her as an adulterer.The letter's meaning shifts as time passes.originally intended to mark Hester as an adulterer,the "A" eventually comes to  stand for Able. For Dimmesdale and Hester, the scarlet letter stands for agony, which Hester displays in her isolated life and which Dimmesdale displays in his deteriorating health. By the end of the novel, the townspeople think that Hester's scarlet "A" stands for Ability, for she has become a generous helper for the poor and downtrodden and a wise counselor for their problems She takes ownership of that letter, which makes it sort of a cool symbol for her identity. She's a marked woman, but she's not going to take the punishment lying down.
The gesture of Dimmesdale's placing his hand over his heart is also symbolic. It is the minister's attempt to cover his mark of sinfulness and prevent his exposure. It also suggests his nervous condition and reflects his grieved state.
§  Pearl
Pearl is Hester's daughter, as well as a symbol for sin and redemption. There's a duality in Pearl's existence, as she's a living reminder and symbol for Hester's adultery, her sin.she represents not only sin but also the vital spirit and passion that engendered that sin. she also represents Hester's blessing or hope of redemption .  As the novel progresses and Pearl matures she symbolizes the deteriation of Hester's like by constantly asking her about the scarlet letter "A". Pearl in a sense wants her mother to live up to her sin and, she achieves this by constantly asking her about the scarlet letter. Another peice of evidence that shows how Pearl symbolizes the sin Hester has committed, is when the town government wants to take Pearl away from her Revrend Dimmsdale convinces the government that Pearl is a living reminder of her sin. This is essentialy true, Hester without Pearl is like having Hester without sin.
thus pearls existence gives her mother reason to live ,bolstering her spirits when she is tempted to give up.It is only after Dimmesdale is revealed to be pearl's father that pearl can become fully human.until then she functions in a capacity as the reminder of an unsolved mystery.
§  The Scaffold
The scaffold is a symbol of penitence and God's platform on the Day of Judgment. It is a reflection of appearing before the Almighty in one's weakness. Because of the comparison, Dimmesdale has great difficulty in standing on the platform and confessing his sins. He first does it under the cover of darkness for no one to see him, as if he were trying to hide from God himself. In the end, however, he bravely stands on the scaffold and confesses his sin in the light of day and before a crowd of people. The confession finally gives him a sense of peace.



§  The Prison

 It  is made out of wooden and reflects the harsh weather conditions with stains on it and subsequently attention shifts to the prison door.
The prison, presented in the opening chapter of the novel, is a symbol of isolation and alienation, foreshadowing the life that Hester will lead even after she leaves its confines. While Hester lives in the prison of alienation, Dimmesdale lives in the prison of his unconfessed guilt, and Chillingworth is imprisoned by his vengeance. Pearl, alone, remains free.So the prison door symbolizes the oldest heritage sinfulness of humanity and how it is a steady legacy from the ancient times.The prison symbolizes a black stain of society on the civilization
§  The Rose Bush
The narrator choose to begin his story with the image of the rosebush beside the prison door.It symbolizes the nature to endure and outlast man's activities.It also represents the futility of symbolic interpretation the narrator mentions various insignificances that the rosebush might have never affirming or denying them never privileging one over the others.
The rose bush growing across from the prison respresents a constant reminder of salvation and hope to all the prisoners. Later in the book Pearl states that she was plucked from the rosebush and was born. This symbolizes that Pearl is the key to not only Hester's salvation, but to Dimmesdale and indirectly to Chillingsworth. Pearl was born into a world of sin and for her to be saved, everyone must find their salvation through her. It represents a light in the darkness of Hester's sin.
§  The Meteor
As Dimmesdale stands on the scaffold with Hester and pearl ,a meteor traces out an "A" in the night sky.To Dimmesdale the meteor implies that he should wear a mark of shame just as Hester does. The meteor is interpreted differently by the rest of the community which thinks that it stands for "Angel" and marks Governor winthrop's entry into heaven .But Angel is an awkward reading of the symbol .The puritans commonly looked to symbols to confirm divine sentiments . In this narrative symbols are taken to mean what the beholder wants them to mean .The incident with the meteor obviously highlights and exemplifies two different uses of symbols puritan and literary.
§  The Forest
The forest is symbolic of Nature, both in its darker and lighter aspects. When the rays of sunshine fall on Pearl but do not reach Hester, they symbolize her inability to find happiness or warmth. The pervading darkness is suggestive of the dull gloom in her life. That darkness is dispelled when she meets with Dimmesdale and plans to flee from Boston with him. As a symbol of her freedom, she throws away the scarlet letter and undoes her hair. Appropriately, a flood of sunshine illuminates the forest, dispelling the darkness.
§  Colors
Hawthorne also gives symbolic meanings to the colors that he employs in the novel. The dark, sober, sable garments that Hester wears represent her dull and gloomy life filled with grief, guilt, and sorrow.
 The color of the letter carries special significance. It is red because that is the color associated with the devil, and the Puritans believed that Hester's sin was a mark of Satan.while black tends to signify hidden sins or the things that society doesn't want to face.
Since Dimmesdale's sin is hidden while Hester's sin is visible to the entire community, he is frequently embodied by blackness. He is burdened by 'the black secret of his soul' .
At one point, Hester talks with Chillingworth and refers to him as 'the Black man that haunts the forest'Here, the black man does not only refer to Chillingworth, but also Satan.Ironically, the innocent Pearl fashions a letter "A" to wear herself, but she makes it out of seaweed that is bright green, the color of life itself. Black is also used in the novel. Mistress Hibbins practices black magic throughout the book, and many suspect Chillingworth of doing the same.
Conclusion:
Nature also plays a vital role in Scarlett letter.Every chapter in The Scarlet Letter has symbols displayed through characterization, setting, colors, and light. Hawthorne's ability to introduce these symbols and change them through the context of his story is but one of the reasons The Scarlet Letter is considered his masterpiece and a peerless example of the romance novel.

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Relationships between Vladimir and Estragon





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Name Pandya Riva m
Roll no -23
Paper 9
Topic :-  Relationships between Vladimir and Estragon
Year :- 2015-2017
Submitted to :- M.K Bhavnagar university, Department of English



Relationships between Vladimir and Estragon
Waiting for Godot is Samuel Beckett's most famous work. Originally written in French in 1948, Beckett personally translated the play into English.He often focused on the idea of "the suffering of being." Estragon and Vladimir are waiting for godot . Godot can be understood as one of the many things in life that people wait for.
The play has often been viewed as fundamentally existentialist in its take on life.


Vladimir and Estragon are the main protagonists of the play, Waiting for Godot. In hearing the play read, even the most experienced theater person will often confuse one of the characters for the other. Therefore, the similarities are as important as the differences between them.
The name Vladimir can mean prince, man of the people or ruler of peace. Estragon has the connotative meaning of estrogen.Vladimir is the soul or mind, the conscious and  practical one and Estragon is the body.
Vladimir and Estragon are waiting for Godot, some indication that life is meaningful or an escape. Both are tramps dressed in costumes which could be interchanged - big boots which don't necessarily fit, big bowler hats, baggy and ill-fitting suits. Their costumes recall the type found in burlesque or vaudeville houses. The opening scene with Estragon struggling with his boots and Vladimir doffing and donning his hat to inspect it for lice could be a part of a burlesque routine. Such comic episodes continue until the characters and the audiences are bored with it.
Estragon represents the physical split and Vladimir the mental split of the assumed person, Estramir.  Beckett strictly limits Estragon to physical awareness. He cannot think, nor act of thinking. He never feels mentally tired, but physically; Whereas Vladimir always thinks philosophically. He also plays at thinking. He, unlike Estragon, feels mentally tired, and does not suffer physically (except kidney disease).When men are too happy or too sad, their physical reactions dont match with their thinking, and their physical bustles seem strange or absurd.
 We see in this play that Estragon engaged in trying to take off and put on his boots; While Vladimir is engaged in taking off his hat, peering in it and putting it on his head. Hat and boot represents the mentality of people's mindset. Boot is symbolized lower or poor thinking. It also represents Estragon’s poor memory, while hat is the symbol of power. These two extreme behaviors show the affinity of Estragon with body, and Vladimir with mind.
 Vladimir is the person who is aware of his own cog-like existence in the world, and says: "All my life Ive tried to put it from me, saying Vladimir, be reasonable, you havent yet tried everything. And I resumed the struggle.  But Estragon who represents the physical entity says, having failed taking off his boot, Nothing to be done physically. The hat is used to wear on head, and head symbolizes mind/brain. The boot is used to wear in legs, and leg has nothing to do with thinking or mind.
Wherever is body, there is hunger. Throughout the play, Estragon feels hunger thrice. Once he is given bones by Pozzo. And twice he is given carrot by Vladimir. Mind never gets hungry like this; rather it helps body to get its food (carrot). We do not find Vladimir being hungry, but providing Estragon with carrots.
Body has nothing to do with memory and past. If it has any relation with past, it is the marks of wounds that are lefts on it. Estragon hardly remembers about his past. He says,
Thats the way I am. Either I forget immediately or never forget.  He could remember the bones, the kick, and so. But he cannot recollect Pozzo and Lucky. He also does not identify the place; While Vladimir recognizes the place, persons, and also remembers the incidents from the past.
Honour and pride are abstract things that only a mind could understand them, not a body. Estragon is found begging for money and bones. But Vladimir suggests him not to beg since they (Estramir) are not beggars.
Estragon, however, is dependent upon Vladimir, and essentially he performs what Vladimir tells him to do. For example, Vladimir looks after Estragon's boots, he rations out the carrots, turnips, and radishes, he comforts Estragon's pain, and he reminds Estragon of their need to wait for Godot. He wants to leave but is restrained from leaving by the fact that he needs Vladimir.Estragon is the less intelligent one; he has to have everything explained to him. Vladimir is more masculine and contemplative and Estragon is more feminine and emotion-driven of the duo
  Vladimir would be the equivalent of the straight man in burlesque comedy. He is also the intellectual who is concerned with a variety of ideas. Of the two, Vladimir makes the decisions and remembers significant aspects of their past. He is the one who constantly reminds Estragon that they must wait for Godot. Vladimir seems to know more about Godot. Vladimir often sees religious or philosophical implications in their discussions of events, and he interprets their actions in religious terms; for example, he is concerned about the religious implications in such stories as the two thieves who were crucified on either side of Jesus. Vladimir correlates some of their actions to the general concerns of mankind. In addition to the larger needs, Vladimir also looks after their physical needs.
Estragon is concerned mainly with more mundane matters: He prefers a carrot to a radish or turnip, his feet hurt, and he blames his boots; he constantly wants to leave, and it must be drilled into him that he must wait for Godot. He remembers that he was beaten, but he sees no philosophical significance in the beating. He is willing to beg for money from a stranger (Pozzo), and he eats Pozzo's discarded chicken bones with no shame. Estragon, then, is the more basic of the two. He is not concerned with either religious or philosophical matters. First of all, he has never even heard of the two thieves who were crucified with Christ, and if the Gospels do disagree, then "that's all there is to it," and any further discussion is futile and absurd.
One cannot separate body from mind. They live together. In the absence of one, another has no value. So, Vladimir and Estragon always live with each other.
As mind controls body, Vladimir controls Estragon in the worst suicide situations. Therefore, Estragon represents the body of a person, to have simple understanding, of Estramir; while Vladimir represents mind (soul) of Estramir.
This is the way that Beckett unconsciously split Estramir into two different aspects of a single person: Estragon as body  and Vladimir as mind or soul

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